Pityriasis lichenoides is a rare skin affecting disorder. It ia chronic form and also known as pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC). Pityriasis lichenoides encircles a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from acute papular lesions. Blisters may self-intricate and resolve fully over weeks, or new lesions occasionally may appear in crops, waxing and waning spontaneously for months to years. thereafter. Historically, the term Mucha-Habermann disease has directed only to PLEVA, the term applies in general to the entire spectrum of disease including PLC. A rare feverish ulceronecrotic variant has been described, which is a severe form of PLEVA with high fever and marked inborn symptoms. The majority of cases present in adolescence or early adulthood. PLEVA making way to the theory that the disorder represents a relatively benign form of lymphoproliferative disease. Fibrin is not present in the walls of vessels, and thrombi are not found in the lumen.

Some children are also affected with a form of the disease which frequently resolves spontaneously. Symptoms that happens in the childhood age suggest that it may follow a virus infection. It is more common in males than females. Neither kind of pityriasis lichenoides is infectious Mucha-Habermann disease is not a lymphoproliferative illness. CD30(Ki-1) cells, which are usually connected with large cell lymphoma, have been pointed in blisters of patients with PLC and A cell-mediated mechanism has been intended based on a T-lymphocytic infiltrate with a cytotoxic/suppressor phenotype, diminished epidermal Langerhans cells, and a reduction of the CD4/CD8 ratio.

Causes of Pityriasis Lichenoides

Common causes of Pityriasis Lichenoides

• Mucha-Habermann disease.
• Pityriasis rosea.
• Acute lichen planus.
• Guttate psoriasis.
• Erythema multiforme.
• Toxoplasma gondii titers.

Symptoms of Pityriasis Lichenoides

Common Symptoms of Pityriasis Lichenoides

• Fever.
• Lethargy.
• Myalgia.
• Central necrosis.
• Haemorrhagic crusts.
• Itching.
• Burning of affected areas
• Lesions.
• Scarring.

Treatment of Pityriasis Lichenoides

Common Treatment of Pityriasis Lichenoides

• Corticosteroid creams and ointments applied to the skin often control the rash and itching.
• Antihistamines such as Benadryl by mouth will help alleviate the itching.
• Sometimes ultraviolet light treatment will improve pityriasis lichenoides.
• Sunburn should be avoided.
• Oral antibiotics used are erythromycin and tetracycline . These antibiotics have been used to treat both PLC and PLEVA.
• Phototherapy treatment with UVB or PUVA has been used with varying success both in patients with PLEVA and in those with PLC.

Pityriasis rosea ( PR) is a scaly and reddish-pink skin rash. Single scaly red spot can form on your back or stomach. This is known as “herald patch.” Smaller spots will form on your body days to weeks later. It is most common in children and young adults. PR have numerous of clinical variations.

Its diagnosis is must as it may resemble secondary syphilis. Pityriasis rosea may affect people of either sex of any age. Though, it is most common in females and between the ages of 8 to 35. Symptoms only reappear in 3% of the affected. PR has been associated to upper respiratory infections, it can group within families and close contacts, and it has an increased happening in individuals who are immunocompromised.

Pityriasis rosea generally goes away on its own within six to eight weeks. In the meantime, you can take steps to relieve the discomfort. Viral exanthems, the incidence can increase in the fall and the spring. A single epideminc tends to elicit lifelong immunity.

Pityriasis rosea is a self-limited benign illness. PR is rare in babies and in elderly persons; however, it has been observed in infants as young as 3 months. It riises during childhood and is most common in persons aged 15-40 years. PR is described to occur equally in the two sexes or little more often in females. The ratio of men to women differ from 1:1.43. PR has been estimated to be 0.13% in men and 0.14% in women. The usualness reported at dermatologic centers has been between 0.3 and 3%.

Causes of Pityriasis Rosea

Pityriasis rosea is caused by a viral or bacterial infection. It also is not due to any type of allergy. Pityriasis rosea is not a sign of any internal disease. Common causes of Pityriasis Rosea

• Exanthems.
• HHV-6 and HH-7.
• Atopy.
• Seborrheic dermatitis.
• Acne vulgaris.
• Drugs (bismuth, barbiturates, captopril, gold, organic mercurials).

Symptoms of Pityriasis Rosea

Common Symptoms of Pityriasis Rosea

• Skin lesion
• Rash
• Itching of the lesions.
• Skin redness.
• Inflammation.
• Headache.
• Fever.
• Nausea.
• Fatigue.

Melasma is also named as Chloasma. Chloasma is occupied from the Greek word chloazein, meaning “to be green.” Melas, also Greek, means “black.” Since the pigmentation is never green in appearance, melasma is the preferred term Melasma is a dark skin discoloration and found on sun-exposed areas of the face. It can affect anybody, young women with brownish skin tones are at greatest endanger.

Melasma also occurs as a side-effect of consuming contraceptive pills and injected depot contraceptive preparations. It may also be noticed in seemingly healthy, normal, non-pregnant women where it is presumed to be because of some mild and harmless hormonal imbalance. Melasma is much more normal in women than in men. Women are affected in 90% of cases. When men are influenced, the clinical and histologic picture is similar. Melasma is generally related with the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.

It is much more common in inherent darker skin types as compared to lighter skin types and especially Hispanics and Asians, from areas of the world with intense sun exposure. Darker patches of skin emerge on the forehead, temples, cheeks or upper lip. Other agents involved in the etiopathogenesis of melasma are photosensitizing medications, mild ovarian or thyroid dysfunction, and certain cosmetics. If person is already proned to melasma, exposure to the sun increases your risk. For instance, women who are pregnant or who take a hormone medication and avoid the sun are less likely to develop melasma than are those who spend a lot of time in the sun.

Causes of Melasma

Common causes of Melasma

• Genetics.
• Hormonal influences ( Estrogen, progesterone).
• Sun exposure.
• Emotional stress.

Symptoms of Melasma

Common Symptoms of Melasma

• Darker patches of skin.

Treatment of Melasma

Common Treatment of Melasma

• Use of tretinoin ( trans- retinoic-acid) can be effective as monotherapy.
• Azelaic acid, present as a 20% cream-based formulation, seems to be as effective as 4% HQ and superior to 2% HQ in the treatment of melasma.
• Hydroquinone (HQ) is most commonly used hydroxyphenolic chemical that inhibits tyrosinase, leading to the decreased production of melanin.
• Wear a hat with a brim to shade and protect your face.
• Apply sun block (such as zinc oxide or titanium dioxide) to vulnerable areas.
• Use sunscreen that protects against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation. The sunscreen should have a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30.
• Oranges are very useful in measles, as the digestive power of the body is seriously affected. The patient mourns from intense toxemia and the lack of saliva coats his tongue and often hampers his thirst for water as well as his desire for food. The pleasant flavor of orange juice helps greatly in overcoming these drawbacks. Orange juice is the ideal liquid food for this disease.

Tinea Corporis is also called as Ringworm and Tinea circinata. It is a superficial dermatophyte disease and identified by either inflammatory or non-inflammatory lesions on the glabrous skin (ie, skin regions except the scalp, groin, palms, and soles). Three anamorphic (asexual or imperfect) genera cause dermatophytoses premary is Trichophyton secondry is Microsporum, and last is Epidermophyton.

Tinea Corporis spreads readily, as those infected are contagious even before they show symptoms of the disease. Parties in contact sports such as wrestling have a risk of bargaining the fungal infection through skin-to-skin contact. Ringworm is also a prevelant infection in domestic animals, mainly cattle and cats. Hot and humid climatic conditions are accurate for the infection. T rubrum is the most general infectious agent in the world and is the source of 47% of tinea corporis cases. Trichophyton tonsurans is the most usual dermatophyte to cause tinea capitis.

Dermatophytes fairly inhabit the nonliving, cornified layers of the skin, hair, and nail, which is engaging for its warm, moist environment conducive to fungal proliferation. Dermatophytes can affect humans (anthropophilic) and infect non-human mammals (zoophilic) or exists primarily in the soil (geophilic). hey generally do not invade deeply, owing to nonspecific host defense mechanisms that can include the activation of serum inhibitory factor, complement, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Fungi may discharge keratinases and other enzymes to attack deeper into the stratum corneum, though typically the depth of infection is limited to the epidermis and, at times, its appendages.

People with an anthropophilic tinea capitis infection are more common to have related with tinea corporis. Prevalence of tinea corporis caused by T tonsurans is increasing. Microsporum canis is the third most nearest agent type organism and associated with 14% of tinea corporis infections.

Causes of Tinea Corporis

Common causes of Tinea Corporis

• Dermatophytes.
• T rubrum.
• T tonsurans.
• Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
• M canis.
• T concentricum.
• Fungal arthroconidia.

Symptoms of Tinea Corporis

Common Symptoms of Tinea Corporis

• Itching.
• Red-colored skin rash.
• Skin scraping.

Treatment of Tinea Corporis

Common Treatment of Tinea Corporis

• Topical therapy is recommended for a normal infection. It should be implemented to the lesion and at least 2 cm beyond this area once or twice a day for at least 2 weeks, depending on the agent is used. Topical azoles and allylamines disclose high rates of medical effect.
• Fluconazole at 50-100 mg/d or 150 mg once weekly for 2-4 weeks may be used, with good results. Oral itraconazole at 100 mg/d for 2 weeks shows high influence. With an increased dose of 200 mg/d, the treatment duration may be reduced to 1 week
• Good general hygiene helps prevent ringworm infections.
• Antifungal drugs (miconazole , clotrimazole , terbinafine , butenafine and tolnaftate) removed infection.
• Avoid contact with infected pets as much as possible.

Tinea capitis is nearly common between preschool-age and adolescence. Tinea infection is contagious. If after coming into direct touch with one who has the disease, or touching contaminated items such as combs, hats, clothing, or similar surfaces. The infection can also be spread by pets, particularly cats. Tinea capitis present primarily in children and sometimes in other age groups. It is seen most commonly in children younger than 10 years. Peak age range is in patients aged 3-7 years.

Tinea Capitis its alternative name is Fungal infection and Ringworm scalp. Tinea capitis is an infection of the scalp by mold-like fungi also called is dermatophytes. TA is considered to be a form of superficial mycosis. Many synonyms are here, including ringworm of the scalp and tinea tonsurans. In U.S.A. and other regions of the world, the happenins of tinea capitis is increasing. Tinea capitis is the awfully common pediatric dermatophyte infection worldwide. The age deposition is supposed to be from the presence of Pityrosporum orbiculare (Pityrosporum ovale), which is part of common flora, and from the fungistatic properties of fatty acids of short and medium chains in postpubertal sebum. Fungi that results in tinea capitis thrives in warm, humid environments.

Tinea capitis is spreaded widely in some urban areas in North America and South America. It is common in parts of Africa and India. In regions of Southeast Asia, the rate of infection has been reported to havelowered dramatically from 14% (average of male and female children) to 1.2% in the last 50 years because of improved general sanitary conditions and personal hygiene. In northern Europe, the disease is sporadic.

Causes of Tinea Capitis

Common causes of Tinea Capitis

• Dermatophytes.
• M audouinii.
• T tonsurans.
• Anthropophilic and zoophilic organisms.
• Ectothrix infection.
• T schoenleinii.
• M. gypseum.
• M. fulvum.

Symptoms of Tinea Capitis

Common Symptoms of Tinea Capitis

• Scaly lesions
• Itching.
• Red or swollen.

Treatment of Tinea Capitis

Common Treatment of Tinea Capitis

• Tinea capitis is usually treated with an antifungal, such as griseofulvin, which is taken by mouth for 8 weeks.
• Use of the oral medication and shampoo for the entire 8 weeks. Treatment failure occurs when medications are not taken everyday for the full 8 weeks .
• Griseofulvin provided the first effective oral therapy for tinea capitis.
• Selenium sulfide shampoo may reduce the risk of spreading the infection.
• Avoid contact with infected pets or individuals.
• Headgear, combs, and similar items should not be exchanged unless.
• Take your pets to the veterinarian for treatment if they develop skin rashes.

Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by a fungus. Sporotrichosis normally begins when spores having fungus are forced under the skin by a rose thorn or sharp stick. Osteoarticular sporotrichosis occurs from face to face inoculation or hematogenous seeding.

The fungus spores are found on rose thorns, hay, sphagnum moss, twigs, and soil. It infects the skin. Indications are usually a small painless bump resembling like an insect bite. It can be red, pink, or purple in color. Spreaded infection occurs with infected cutaneous blisters and involvement of multiple visceral organs; this happens mainly in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Infection normally is recognised in adults in the developed world. Infection is more habitual in children and pre-adults in tropical regions and in areas of hyperendemicity. Sporotrichosis is somewhat more common in males as compared to females, likely due to a higher exposure risk rather than to a sex difference in susceptibility.

Sporotrichosis is a chronic ailment with slow growth and often subtle symptoms. The fungus extends from the initial lesion along lymphatic channels, making the chain of indolent nodular and ulcerating lesions that illustrates the lymphocutaneous form of the disease. One or more another bumps or nodules that open and may resemble boils. The bump (nodule) generally grows on the finger, hand, or arm where the fungus first enters through a cut on the skin. It is difficult to examine, as many other diseases have similar symptoms and therefore must be ruled out. Measures for controlling it are wearing gloves and long sleeves when managing pine seedlings, rose bushes, hay bales or other plants that may cause minor skin breaks.

Causes of Sporotrichosis

Common causes of Sporotrichosis

• Infection( S schenckii).
• Zoonotic transmission.
• Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV).

Symptoms of Sporotrichosis

Common Symptoms of Sporotrichosis

• Painless.
• Chest pain.
• Cough..
• Swelling.
• Skin lesions.

Treatment of Sporotrichosis

Common Treatment of Sporotrichosis

• Measures for controlling it are wearing gloves and long sleeves when managing pine seedlings, rose bushes, hay bales or other plants that may cause minor skin breaks.
• Ulcers should be kept clean and covered until they are healed.  

Lupus Erythematosus is ( lupus) is a chronic autoimmune disease and autoimmune disease. Lupus can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, nervous system, and/or other organs of the body and most common symptoms are skin rashes and arthritis which are often accompanied by fatigue and fever. SLE may also be caused by certain drugs. African Americans and Asians are affected more often than people from other races. Autoimmune diseases are diseases that occur when body’s tissues are invaded by its own immune system. One of the mechanisms that the immune system uses to fight infections is the production of antibodies. Genetic factors enhances the capacity of developing autoimmune diseases, and autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis , and immune thyroid disorders are more common in relatives of patients with lupus than the general population.

Some scientists assumes that the immune system in lupus is more easily inspired by external factors like viruses or ultraviolet light. The immune system is a complex formation within the body. SLE can be mild or severe to cause death. SLE strikes nine times as many women as men. It may happen to any age group, but appears most often in people between the ages of 10 and 50 years. Many as 30% of patients having some dermatological symptoms (and 65% suffer such symptoms at some point), with 30% to 50% happenings from the classic malar rash (or butterfly rash ) related with the disease. Patients may have discoid lupus (thick, red scaly patches on the skin). Alopecia , mouth, nasal, and vaginal ulcers , and blisters on the skin are also possible results.

Causes of Lupus Erythematosus

Common causes of Lupus Erythematosus

• Genetics factors ( chromosome 6).
• Environmental triggers.
• Drug reactions ( procainamide , hydralazine and quinidine).
• Discoid (cutaneous).
• Immune thyroid disorders.

Symptoms of Lupus Erythematosus

Common Symptoms of Lupus Erythematosus

• Fever.
• Malaise.
• Joint pains.
• Loss of appetite.
• Myalgias.
• Fatigue.
• Hair loss.
• Swelling.
• Pain.
• Stiffness.
• Seizures.

Treatment of Lupus Erythematosus

Common Treatment of Lupus Erythematosus

• Ue of ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) and medications like ibuprofen in treating lupus requires some caution. Ibuprofen and similar drugs may harm kidney function, chiefly in people who already have kidney problems.
• Use of anticonvulsants for seizures, for example, and the use of antidepressants for severe depression
• Ue of steroids or other immune-suppressing agents (such as azathioprine or cyclophosphamide).
• Antimalarial drugs like  hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are fruitfull alternatives for patients with lupus who do not respond well to ibuprofen or aspirin. Many people using anti-malarial drugs experience significant relief..
• If blood clots form spontaneously in the body. Use of heparin or warfarin (Coumadin) is advised. In pregnancy, heparin is another option because of the adverse fetal effects of warfarin.
• Avoid excessive exposure to sun as the UV rays from sunlight can cause a skin rash to flare, and can even trigger a more serious erupt in the disease itself.
• Use of estrogen may induce or worsen lupus has always been a concern for rheumatologists.
• Young women with lupus baby should carefully plan their pregnancies. Avoid certain curations (such as cyclophosphamide , cyclosporine , and mycophenolate mofetil ) that would detriment the baby.

Lichen simplex chronicus (LSC) also known Neurodermatitis. It is a stubborn skin disorder featurised by chronic itching and scratching. Few skin types are more prone to lichenification, means skin that tends toward eczematous conditions (ie, atopic dermatitis, atopic diathesis). Central and peripheral neural tissue and inflammatory cell products in the process of itch and ensuing changes in LSC.

The possible interplay among primary blisters, psychic factors, and the intensity of pruritus additively influences the limit and harshness of LSC. Ultimately, the affected skin becomes thick and leathery. LSC is present on the skin in regions operable to scratching. Pruritus provokes friction that produces clinical blisters, but the underlying pathophysiology is unknown.LSC occurs mainly in mid-to-late adulthood, with highest prevalence in persons aged 30-50 years. LSC is observed more in females as compared to males.

Lichen simplex chronicus is seen near the ankles, shins and the back or side of the neck. The forearms may also be fully involved. Lichen simplex chronicus is normally caused by continous rubbing of the skin. Lichen nuchae is a kind of lichen simplex which occurs on the midposterior neck and is marked almost exclusively in women. The rubbing begins the chain of occurances that leads from itching to scratching and then to the presence of leather-like skin patches. Lichen simplex chronicus is generally caused by constant rubbing of the skin.

Symptoms are harmful itching which is accompanied by nervous tension. The appearance of scratch marks and the leathery skin patches can be found anywhere on the body parts. Chronic lichen simplex chronicus results in pigmentation which is brown is colour at the site of irritation.

Causes of Lichen Simplex Chronicus

Common causes of Lichen Simplex Chronicus

• Constant rubbing of the skin.
• Insect bites.
• Scars (eg, traumatic, postherpetic/zoster).
• Acne keloidalis nuchae.
• Venous insufficiency.
• Asteatotic.
• Psychological factors( Anxiety and Neurodermatitis).
• Lithium.
• Eczema.

Symptoms of Lichen Simplex Chronicus

Common Symptoms of Lichen Simplex Chronicus

• Itching.
• Skin lesion.
• Lesions.
• Anxiety.
• Stress.
• Inflammation.

Treatment of Lichen Simplex Chronicus

Common Treatment of Lichen Simplex Chronicus

• Occlusion also deliver a physical barrier to the scratching. Midpotency topical steroids are not helpful for thin skin (eg, vulva, scrotum, axilla, face).
• Direct long-term therapy more at daily use of low-potency nontrophogenic topical corticosteroids.
• Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and hydroxyzine (Atarax) are common.
• Doxepin (Sinequan) and clonazepam (Klonopin) may be considered in appropriate cases.
• Other topical medications reported to decrease pruritus include doxepin cream and capsaicin cream.
• Aspirin/dichloromethane is effective in patients with LSC..
• Used in directing the changes in cellular activity that induce itching and inflammation.
• Avoid things that increase itching.